Staff profile

Advanced Tissue Technologies

I am Professor of Cell Technology and have been a principle investigator at Durham University since 2000. My training and background is in animal cell biology with specific interests in anatomy, tissue biology, cell differentiation and stem cells. My research is both basic and applied, and has generated significant impact.

Engineering human tissues in the laboratory creates multiple opportunities to advance basic research and discovery, develop new platforms for testing drugs and the safety assessment of chemicals, and importantly replacing the use of animals in research and development. My research group researches and develops innovative new strategies that enable the construction of human tissues in vitro. We specialise in enabling technologies that have multiple applications in academic and industrial research. We have created novel models of human skin, intestine, embryonic development, brain and liver. Much of our research is underpinned by basic principles in anatomy and physiology. Understanding how the micro-environment in which cells are cultured influences their structure and function is critical to generating models of human tissues that can be used as tools to improve our understanding of health and disease and enhance the predictive accuracy of drugs and use of cosmetics.

There are different strategies by which tissues by be constructed in vitro, many of which rely on three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technologies. In my group, we have pioneered the development of a novel membrane technology that can be used in multiple ways, including construction of layered structures that simulate the anatomy of tissues in the body, for example, skin, intestine, etc. This novel 3D technology has been fully commercialised via the Durham University spinout company, Reinnervate Ltd, and our product is known as Alvetex Scaffold. Alvetex is available to the academic and industrial community, it has become the market-leading scaffold technology for 3D cell culture, and has been used in a wide variety of applications. Reinnervate was acquired by Reprocell in 2014 who continue to promote Alvetex products and offer clients Alvetex-based in vitro assays for contract research. For further details concerning Alvetex technology and our commercial research visit https://www.reprocell.com/alvetex  

To develop such technology, we research how cells are influenced by their surroundings and how we can control such factors in vitro to produce models of human tissue that mimic as close as possible their native counterparts. We examine carefully how the physical micro-environment influences cell shape and form through changes in its cytoskeleton reacting changes in the physical topography of their external surroundings. We study the effect of oxygen in vitro on cell and tissue growth, the impact of perfusion culture on generating 3D models. We develop and apply technology to control such factors, resulting in novel methods to generate tissue constructs as valuable research tools for the scientific community. Human stem cells play an important role in our work as a renewal source of material that can be used as the starting point to generate tissue models. Understanding their behaviour during differentiation and the application of the technologies we develop leads to enhanced in vitro systems to advance research and discovery.

As a consequence of our research at Durham University, our work has significant impact and application in the academic and industrial sectors and has been widely adopted. We work at the interface between the disciplines of bioscience, chemistry, and engineering and collaborate extensively with other researchers in academia, industry and the government sectors. We are funded by the research councils, industry, and learned societies, developing new research tools that are used to understand the structure and function of human cells and tissues. We publish our work in peer-reviewed scientific journals and have recently published a new text on enabling platform technologies to build 3D human tissue models.

• Advanced cell technologies
• Tissue engineering
• Stem cell biology
• Cell and tissue differentiation

• 2017: Esteem Indicators: I perform numerous academic citizenship roles and I serve on several external Boards, Committees and Panels - recent examples include: • Trustee and Member of Council, Royal Society of Biology (2020-2024; 2024-2028); • Panel member, NC3Rs Partnership and Impact Assessment Panel (2023-2026); • Chair & Panel Member FCT Bioengineering Grant Panel, Lisbon, Portugal (2019-2025); • Government of Ireland Postgraduate Fellowship panel member (2018-2025); • UKRI: Future Leader Fellowship Rover and Panel assessor (2018-2025); • Chair UKRI / BBSRC Appointments Panel (2020-2023); • Panel Member NC3Rs/MRC Skills and Transfer Awards panel (2022); • Chair UKRI / BBSRC Institute Review / Funding Renewal (2021); • UKRI/BBSRC: Chair, BBSRC Research Institute National Capabilities Review (2019-21); • UKRI: Chair, GCRF Global Translational Research Award panel (2019-21); • Research England – REF2021 sub-panel member, UoA 5 (2018-2022).

Authored book

• Przyborski, S. (2010). Alvetex: technology for routine three dimensional cell culture. Humana Press
• Przyborski, S. (2007). Derivation and culture of human embryonal carcinoma stem cell lines. John Wiley and Sons
• Andrews, P., Przyborski, S., & Thomson, J. (2001). Embryonal Carcinoma Cells as Embryonic Stem Cells. Cold Spring Harbor Press

Chapter in book

• Costello, L., Fullard, N., Roger, M., Bradbury, S., Dicolandrea, T., Isfort, R., Bascom, C., & Przyborski, S. (2019). Engineering a Multilayered Skin Equivalent: The Importance of Endogenous Extracellular Matrix Maturation to Provide Robustness and Reproducibility. In S. Böttcher-Haberzeth, & T. Biedermann (Eds.), Skin Tissue Engineering (107-122). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9473-1_9
• Christie, V., Maltman, D., Whiting, A., Marder, T., & Przyborski, S. (2010). The development of small molecules and growth supplements to control the differentiation of stem cells and the formation of neural tissues. In K. Appasani (Ed.), Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine. Springer Publishing Company
• Hardy, S., Maltman, D., & Przyborski, S. (2010). Mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutic applications. In S. Totey, & K. Deb (Eds.), Stem Cells: Basics and Applications. McGraw-Hill

Journal Article

• Low, E., Smith, L. A., Miwa, S., Fielder, E., Przyborski, S., & von Zglinicki, T. (2025). Senescent Dermal Fibroblasts Decrease Stemness in Basal Keratinocytes in a Bioengineered Model of Human Full-Thickness Skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 145(1), 208-211.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2024.07.004
• Costello, L., Goncalves, K., De Los Santos Gomez, P., Hulette, B., Dicolandrea, T., Flagler, M. J., Isfort, R., Oblong, J., Bascom, C., & Przyborski, S. (online). Investigation into the significant role of dermal‐epidermal interactions in skin ageing utilising a bioengineered skin construct. Journal of Cellular Physiology, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.31463
• Maltman, D., Brand, S., Belau, E., Paape, R., Suckau, D., & Przyborski, S. (online). Top-Down Label-Free LC-MALDI analysis of the peptidome during neural progenitor cell differentiation reveals complexity in cytoskeletal protein dynamics and identifies progenitor cell markers. Stem Cells, 599-611
• Smith, L., Quelch-Cliffe, R., Liu, F., Aguilar, A. H., & Przyborski, S. (online). Evaluating Strategies to Assess the Differentiation Potential of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Review, Analysis and Call for Innovation. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-024-10793-5
• Goncalves, K., & Przyborski, S. (online). Modulation of the Nogo signaling pathway to overcome amyloid-β-mediated neurite inhibition in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurites. Neural Regeneration Research, https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01628
• Ahmed, M., Hill, D., Ahmed, S., Przyborski, S., Dalgarno, K., & Dickinson, A. (2024). Bioprinted autologous human skin equivalents for in vitro testing of therapeutic antibodies. International Journal of Bioprinting, 10(2), Article 1851. https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1851
• Freer, M., Cooper, J., Goncalves, K., & Przyborski, S. (2024). Bioengineering the Human Intestinal Mucosa and the Importance of Stromal Support for Pharmacological Evaluation In Vitro. Cells, 13(22), Article 1859. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13221859
• Kelly, G., Kataura, T., Panek, J., Ma, G., Salmonowicz, H., Davis, A., Kendall, H., Brookes, C., Ayine-Tora, D. M., Banks, P., Nelson, G., Dobby, L., Pitrez, P. R., Booth, L., Costello, L., Richardson, G. D., Lovat, P., Przyborski, S., Ferreira, L., Greaves, L., …Korolchuk, V. I. (2024). Suppressed basal mitophagy drives cellular aging phenotypes that can be reversed by a p62-targeting small molecule. Developmental Cell, 59(15), 1924-1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.020
• Vilardi, A., Przyborski, S., Mobbs, C., Rufini, A., & Tufarelli, C. (2024). Current understanding of the interplay between extracellular matrix remodelling and gut permeability in health and disease. Cell Death Discovery, 10(1), Article 258. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-024-02015-1
• De Los Santos Gomez, P., Costello, L., Goncalves, K., & Przyborski, S. (2024). Comparison of photodamage in non-pigmented and pigmented human skin equivalents exposed to repeated ultraviolet radiation to investigate the role of melanocytes in skin photoprotection. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, Article 1355799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1355799
• Fullard, N., Wordsworth, J., Welsh, C., Maltman, V., Bascom, C., Tasseff, R., Isfort, R., Costello, L., Scanlan, R.-L., Przyborski, S., & Shanley, D. (2024). Cell Senescence-Independent Changes of Human Skin Fibroblasts with Age. Cells, 13(8), Article 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13080659
• Mobbs, C. L., Darling, N. J., & Przyborski, S. (2024). An in vitro model to study immune activation, epithelial disruption and stromal remodelling in inflammatory bowel disease and fistulising Crohn’s disease. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, Article 1357690. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357690
• Allcock, B., Wei, W., Goncalves, K., Hoyle, H., Robert, A., Quelch-Cliffe, R., Hayward, A., Cooper, J., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Impact of the Physical Cellular Microenvironment on the Structure and Function of a Model Hepatocyte Cell Line for Drug Toxicity Applications. Cells, 12(19), Article 2408. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12192408
• Costello, L., Goncalves, K., De Los Santos Gomez, P., Simpson, A., Maltman, V., Ritchie, P., Tasseff, R., Isfort, R., Dicolandrea, T., Wei, X., Määttä, A., Karakesisoglou, I., Markiewicz, E., Bascom, C. C., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Quantitative morphometric analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types II–III. Experimental Dermatology, 32(5), 620-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14754
• Freer, M., Darling, N., Goncalves, K., Mills, K. J., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Development of a mammalian neurosensory full‐thickness skin equivalent and its application to screen sensitizing stimuli. Bioengineering and Translational Medicine, 8(3), Article e10484. https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.10484
• Goncalves, K., De Los Santos Gomez, P., Costello, L., Smith, L., Mead, H., Simpson, A., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Investigation into the effect of skin tone modulators and exogenous stress on skin pigmentation utilizing a novel bioengineered skin equivalent. Bioengineering and Translational Medicine, 8(2), Article e10415. https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.10415
• Määttä, A., Nixon, R., Robinson, N., Ambler, C. A., Goncalves, K., Maltman, V., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Regulation of epidermal proliferation and hair follicle cycling by synthetic photostable retinoid EC23. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 22(5), https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15629
• Díez, M., Przyborski, S., del Cerro, A., Alonso-Guervós, M., Iglesias-Cabo, T., Carrocera, S., García, M., Fernández, M., Alonso, L., & Muñoz, M. (2023). Generation of a novel three-dimensional scaffold-based model of the bovine endometrium. Veterinary Research Communications, 47(3), 1721-1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10130-0
• Costello, L., Goncalves, K., Maltman, V., Barrett, N., Shah, K., Stephens, A., Dicolandrea, T., Ambrogio, I., Hodgson, E., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Development of a novel in vitro strategy to understand the impact of shaving on skin health: combining tape strip exfoliation and human skin equivalent technology. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, Article 1236790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1236790
• Goncalves, K., Phillips, S., Shah, D., Athey, D., & Przyborski, S. (2023). Application of biomimetic surfaces and 3D culture technology to study the role of extracellular matrix interactions in neurite outgrowth and inhibition. Biomaterials Advances, 144, Article 213204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213204
• Jarrold, B. B., Tan, C. Y. R., Ho, C. Y., Soon, A. L., Lam, T. T., Yang, X., Nguyen, C., Guo, W., Chew, Y. C., DeAngelis, Y. M., Costello, L., De Los Santos Gomez, P., Przyborski, S., Bellanger, S., Dreesen, O., Kimball, A. B., & Oblong, J. E. (2022). Early onset of senescence and imbalanced epidermal homeostasis across the decades in photoexposed human skin: Fingerprints of inflammaging. Experimental Dermatology, 31(11), 1748-1760. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14654
• Costello, L., Dicolandrea, T., Tasseff, R., Isfort, R., Bascom, C., von Zglinicki, T., & Przyborski, S. (2022). Tissue engineering strategies to bioengineer the ageing skin phenotype in vitro. Aging Cell, 21(2), Article e13550. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13550
• Hoyle, H., Stenger, C., & Przyborski, S. (2022). Design considerations of benchtop fluid flow bioreactors for bio-engineered tissue equivalents in vitro. Biomaterials and biosystems, 8, Article 100063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100063
• Hidalgo Aguilar, A., Smith, L., Owens, D., Quelch, R., & Przyborski, S. (2022). Recreating Tissue Structures Representative of Teratomas In Vitro Using a Combination of 3D Cell Culture Technology and Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Bioengineering, 9(5), Article 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9050185
• Low, E., Alimohammadiha, G., Smith, L. A., Costello, L. F., Przyborski, S. A., von Zglinicki, T., & Miwa, S. (2021). How good is the evidence that cellular senescence causes skin ageing?. Ageing Research Reviews, 71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101456
• Bjerke, D. L., Li, R., Price, J. M., Dobson, R. L., Rodrigues, M., Tey, C., Vires, L., Adams, R. L., Sherrill, J. D., Styczynski, P. B., Goncalves, K., Maltman, V., Przyborski, S., & Oblong, J. E. (2021). The vitamin A ester retinyl propionate has a unique metabolic profile and higher retinoid‐related bioactivity over retinol and retinyl palmitate in human skin models. Experimental Dermatology, 30(2), 226-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14219
• Smith, L., Hidalgo Aguilar, A., Owens, D., Quelch, R., Knight, E., & Przyborski, S. (2021). Using Advanced Cell Culture Techniques to Differentiate Pluripotent Stem Cells and Recreate Tissue Structures Representative of Teratoma Xenografts. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.667246
• Henderson, J., Dayalan Naidu, S., Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., Przyborski, S., Stratton, R., & O′Reilly, S. (2021). The Cell-Permeable Derivative of the Immunoregulatory Metabolite Itaconate, 4-Octyl Itaconate, Is Anti-Fibrotic in Systemic Sclerosis. Cells, 10(8), https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082053
• Henderson, J., Wilkinson, S., Przyborski, S., Stratton, R., & O’Reilly, S. (2021). microRNA27a-3p mediates reduction of the Wnt antagonist sFRP-1 in systemic sclerosis. Epigenetics, 16(7), 808-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2020.1827715
• Duffy, L., Henderson, J., Brown, M., Pryzborski, S., Fullard, N., Summa, L., Distler, J. H., Stratton, R., & O’Reilly, S. (2021). Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist Gremlin-1 Increases Myofibroblast Transition in Dermal Fibroblasts: Implications for Systemic Sclerosis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, Article 681061. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.681061
• Stremenova Spegarova, J., Lawless, D., Mohamad, S. M. B., Engelhardt, K. R., Doody, G., Shrimpton, J., Rensing-Ehl, A., Ehl, S., Rieux-Laucat, F., Cargo, C., Griffin, H., Mikulasova, A., Acres, M., Morgan, N. V., Poulter, J. A., Sheridan, E. G., Chetcuti, P., O'Riordan, S., Anwar, R., Carter, C. R., …Hambleton, S. (2020). Germline TET2 loss of function causes childhood immunodeficiency and lymphoma. Blood, 136(9), 1055-1066. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020005844
• Lambrick, S., Vozdecký, L., Bergin, M., Halpin, J., MacLaren, D., Dastoor, P., (Przyborski, S., Jardine, A., & Ward, D. (2020). Multiple scattering in scanning helium microscopy. Applied Physics Letters, 116(6), Article 061601. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143950
• Darling, N. J., Mobbs, C. L., González-Hau, A. L., Freer, M., & Przyborski, S. (2020). Bioengineering Novel in vitro Co-culture Models That Represent the Human Intestinal Mucosa With Improved Caco-2 Structure and Barrier Function. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, Article 992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00992
• Roger, M., Fullard, N., Costello, L., Bradbury, S., Markiewicz, E., O'Reilly, S., Darling, N., Ritchie, P., Määttä, A., Karakesisoglou, I., Nelson, G., von Zglinicki, T., Dicolandrea, T., Isfort, R., Bascom, C., & Przyborski, S. (2019). Bioengineering the Microanatomy of Human Skin. Journal of Anatomy, 234(4), 438-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12942
• Anzilotti, C., Swan, D. J., Boisson, B., Deobagkar-Lele, M., Oliveira, C., Chabosseau, P., Engelhardt, K. R., Xu, X., Chen, R., Alvarez, L., Berlinguer-Palmini, R., Bull, K. R., Cawthorne, E., Cribbs, A. P., Crockford, T. L., Dang, T. S., Fearn, A., Fenech, E. J., de Jong, S. J., Lagerholm, B., …Hambleton, S. (2019). An essential role for the Zn2+ transporter ZIP7 in B cell development. Nature Immunology, 20, 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-018-0295-8
• Welsh, C. M., Fullard, N., Proctor, C. J., Martinez-Guimera, A., Isfort, R. J., Bascom, C. C., Tasseff, R., Przyborski, S. A., & Shanley, D. P. (2018). PyCoTools: a Python toolbox for COPASI. Bioinformatics, 34(21), 3702-3710. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty409
• Buskin, A., Zhu, L., Chichagova, V., Basu, B., Mozaffari-Jovin, S., Dolan, D., Droop, A., Collin, J., Bronstein, R., Mehrotra, S., Farkas, M., Hilgen, G., White, K., Pan, K.-T., Treumann, A., Hallam, D., Bialas, K., Chung, G., Mellough, C., Ding, Y., …Lako, M. (2018). Disrupted alternative splicing for genes implicated in splicing and ciliogenesis causes PRPF31 retinitis pigmentosa. Nature Communications, 9(1), Article 4234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06448-y
• Haffez, H., Khatib, T., McCaffery, P., Przyborski, S., Redfern, C., & Whiting, A. (2018). Neurogenesis in Response to Synthetic Retinoids at Different Temporal Scales. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(3), 1942-1950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0440-7
• Melguizo-Sanchis, D., Xu, Y., Taheem, D., Yu, M., Tilgner, K., Barta, T., Gassner, K., Anyfantis, G., Wan, T., Elango, R., Alharthi, S., El-Harouni, A. A., Przyborski, S., Adam, S., Saretzki, G., Samarasinghe, S., Armstrong, L., & Lako, M. (2018). iPSC modeling of severe aplastic anemia reveals impaired differentiation and telomere shortening in blood progenitors. Cell Death and Disease, 9(2), Article 128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-017-0141-1
• Hallam, D., Collin, J., Bojic, S., Chichagova, V., Buskin, A., Xu, Y., Lafage, L., Otten, E. G., Anyfantis, G., Mellough, C., Przyborski, S., Alharthi, S., Korolchuk, V., Lotery, A., Saretzki, G., McKibbin, M., Armstrong, L., Steel, D., Kavanagh, D., & Lako, M. (2017). An iPSC Patient Specific Model of CFH (Y402H) Polymorphism Displays Characteristic Features of AMD and Indicates a Beneficial Role for UV Light Exposure. Stem Cells, 35(11), 2305-2320. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2708
• Yang, C., Xu, Y., Yu, M., Lee, D., Alharti, S., Hellen, N., Ahmad Shaik, N., Banaganapalli, B., Sheikh Ali Mohamoud, H., Elango, R., Przyborski, S., Tenin, G., Williams, S., O’Sullivan, J., Al-Radi, O. O., Atta, J., Harding, S. E., Keavney, B., Lako, M., & Armstrong, L. (2017). Induced pluripotent stem cell modelling of HLHS underlines the contribution of dysfunctional NOTCH signalling to impaired cardiogenesis. Human Molecular Genetics, 26(16), 3031-3045. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddx140
• Horsburgh, S., Fullard, N., Roger, M., Degnan, A., Todryk, S., Przyborski, S., & O’Reilly, S. (2017). MicroRNAs in the skin: role in development, homoeostasis and regeneration. Clinical Science, 131(15), 1923-1940. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs20170039
• Martinez Guimera, A., Welsh, C., Dalle Pezze, P., Fullard, N., Nelson, G., Roger, M., Przyborski, S., & Shanley, D. (2017). Systems modelling ageing: from single senescent cells to simple multi-cellular models. Essays in Biochemistry, 61(3), 369-377. https://doi.org/10.1042/ebc20160087
• Przyborski, S. (2017). Advanced cell culture technology for generation of in vivo-like tissue models. International journal of health animal science & food safety, 4(1), https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8524
• Clarke, K., Tams, D., Henderson, A., Roger, M., Whiting, A., & Przyborski, S. (2016). A robust and reproducible human pluripotent stem cell derived model of neurite outgrowth in a three-dimensional culture system and its application to study neurite inhibition. Neurochemistry International, 106, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.009
• Ciechomska, M., O'Reilly, S., Przyborski, S., Oakley, F., Bogunia-Kubik, K., & van Laar, J. (2016). Histone demethylation and toll‐like receptor 8–dependent cross‐talk in monocytes promotes transdifferentiation of fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis via Fra‐2. Arthritis and Rheumatology, 68(6), 1493-1504. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39602
• O’Reilly, S., Ciechomska, M., Fullard, N., Przyborski, S., & van Laar, J. (2016). IL-13 mediates collagen deposition via STAT6 and microRNA-135b: a role for epigenetics. Scientific Reports, 6, Article 25066. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25066
• Collin, J., Mellough, C., Dorgau, B., Przyborski, S., Moreno-Gimeno, I., & Lako, M. (2016). Using Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology to Generate CRX-Reporter Human Embryonic Stem Cells as a Tool to Identify and Study the Emergence of Photoreceptors Precursors During Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells, 34(2), 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2240
• Knight, E., & Przyborski, S. (2015). Advances in 3D cell culture technologies enabling tissue-like structures to be created in vitro. Journal of Anatomy, 227(6), 746-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12257
• Smith, I., Haag, M., Ugbode, C., Tams, D., Rattray, M., Przyborski, S., Bithell, A., & Whalley, B. (2015). Neuronal-glial populations form functional networks in a biocompatible 3D scaffold. Neuroscience Letters, 609, 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.044
• Johnson, D., Langford, C., Didsbury, M., Lipp, B., Przyborski, S., & Cameron, N. (2015). Fully biodegradable and biocompatible emulsion template polymer scaffolds by thiol-acrylate polymerisation of polycaprolactone macropolymers. Polymer Chemistry, 6(41), 7256-7263. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5py00721f
• Hill, D., Robinson, N., Caley, M., Chen, M., O'Toole, E., Armstrong, J., Przyborski, S., & Lovat, P. (2015). A novel fully-humanised 3D skin equivalent to model early melanoma invasion. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 14(11), 2665-2673. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0394
• Lopez-Real, R., Budge, J., Marder, T., Whiting, A., Hunt, P., & Przyborski, S. (2014). Application of Synthetic Photostable Retinoids Induces Novel Limb and Facial Phenotypes During Chick Embryogenesis In Vivo. Journal of Anatomy, 224(4), 392-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12147
• Jiang, Y., Habibollah, S., Tilgner, K., Collin, J., Barta, T., Al-Aama, J., Tesarov, L., Hussain, R., Trafford, A., Kirkwood, G., Sernagor, E., Eleftheriou, C., Przyborski, S., Stojković, M., Lako, M., Keavney, B., & Armstrong, L. (2014). An induced pluripotent stem cell model of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) reveals multiple expression and functional differences in HLHS-derived cardiac myocytes. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 3(4), 416-423. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2013-0105
• Clemens, G., Flower, K., Gardner, P., Henderson, A., Knowles, J., Marder, T., Whiting, A., & Przyborski, S. (2013). Design and biological evaluation of synthetic retinoids: Probing length vs. stability vs. activity. Molecular bioSystems, 9(12), 3124-3134. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3mb70273a
• Hayward, A., Eissa, A., Maltman, D., Przyborski, S., & Cameron, N. (2013). Galactose-Functionalized PolyHIPE Scaffolds for Use in Routine Three Dimensional Culture of Mammalian Hepatocytes. Biomacromolecules, 14(12), 4271-4277. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm401145x
• Moad, M., Pal, D., Hepburn, A., Williamson, S., Wilson, L., Lako, M., Armstrong, L., Hayward, S., Franco, O., Cates, J., Fordham, S., Przyborski, S., Carr-Wilkinson, J., Robson, C., & Heer, R. (2013). A novel model of urinary tract differentiation, tissue regeneration, and disease: reprogramming human prostate and bladder cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. European Urology, 64(5), 753-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2013.03.054
• Godoy, P., Hewitt, N., Albrecht, U., Andersen, M., Ansari, N., Bhattacharya, S., Bode, J., Bolleyn, J., Borner, C., Böttger, J., Braeuning, A., Budinsky, R., Burkhardt, B., Cameron, N., Camussi, G., Cho, C., Choi, Y., Craig, R. J., Dahmen, U., Damm, G., …Hengstler, J. (2013). Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Archives of Toxicology, 87(8), 1315-1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5
• Ljujic, B., Milovanovic, M., Volarevic, V., Murray, B., Bugarski, D., Przyborski, S., Arsenijevic, N., Lukic, M., & Stojkovic, M. (2013). Human mesenchymal stem cells creating an immunosuppressive environment and promote breast cancer in mice. Scientific Reports, 3, Article 2298. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02298
• Zhou, G.-L., Tams, D., Marder, T., Valentine, R., Whiting, A., & Przyborski, S. (2013). Synthesis and applications of 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles derivatives as small molecule modulators of cellular development. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 11(14), 2323-2334. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ob00005b
• Clemens, G., Flower, K., Henderson, A., Whiting, A., Przyborski, S., Jimenez-Hernandez, M., Ball, F., Bassan, P., Cinque, G., & Gardner, P. (2013). The action of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and synthetic retinoid analogues (EC19 and EC23) on human pluripotent stem cells differentiation investigated using single cell infrared microspectroscopy. Molecular bioSystems, 9(4), 677-692. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3mb25505k
• Yung, S., Tilgner, K., Ledran, M., Habibollah, S., Neganova, I., Singhapol, C., Saretzki, G., Stojkovic, M., Armstrong, L., Przyborski, S., & Lako, M. (2013). Brief report: human pluripotent stem cell models of fanconi anemia deficiency reveal an important role for fanconi anemia proteins in cellular reprogramming and survival of hematopoietic progenitors. Stem Cells, 31(5), 1022-1029. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.1308
• Hayward, A., Sano, N., Przyborski, S., & Cameron, N. (2013). Acrylic-acid-functionalized PolyHIPE scaffolds for use in 3D cell culture. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 34(23-24), 1844-1849. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300709
• Tilgner, K., Neganova, I., Singhapol, C., Saretzki, G., Al-Aama, J., Evans, J., Gorbunova, V., Gennery, A., Przyborski, S., Stojkovic, M., Armstrong, L., Jeggo, P., & Lako, M. (2013). Brief report: a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of cernunnos deficiency reveals an important role for XLF in the survival of the primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Stem Cells, 31(9), 2015-2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.1456
• Tilgner, K., Neganova, I., Moreno-Gimeno, I., Al-Aama, J., Burks, D., Yung, S., Singhapol, C., Saretzki, G., Evans, J., Gorbunova, V., Gennery, A., Przyborski, S., Stojkovic, M., Armstrong, L., Jeggo, P., & Lako, M. (2013). A human iPSC model of Ligase IV deficiency reveals an important role for NHEJ-mediated-DSB repair in the survival and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem cells and emerging haematopoietic progenitors. Cell Death & Differentiation, 20(8), 1089-1100. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2013.44
• Burkard, A., Dahn, C., Heinz, S., Zutavern, A., Sonntag-Buck, V., Maltman, D., Przyborski, S., Hewitt, N., & Braspenning, J. (2012). Generation of proliferating human hepatocytes using upcyte technology: characterisation and applications in induction and cytotoxicity assays. Xenobiotica, 42, 939-956
• Maltman, D., Brand, S., Belau, E., Paape, R., Suckau, D., & Przyborski, S. (2011). Top-down label-free LC-MALDI analysis of the peptidome during neural progenitor cell differentiation reveals complexity in cytoskeletal protein dynamics and identifies progenitor cell markers. Proteomics, 11(20), 3992-4006. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201100024
• Knight, E., Murray, B., Carnachan, R., & Przyborski, S. (2011). Alvetex®: polystyrene scaffold technology for routine three dimensional cell culture
• Maltman, D., & Przyborski, S. (2010). Developments in three dimensional cell culture technology aimed at improving the accuracy of in vitro analyses. Biochemical Society Transactions, 38(4), 1072-1075
• Foster, C., Przyborski, S., Wilson, R., & Hutchison, C. (2010). Lamins as cancer biomarkers. Biochemical Society Transactions, 38(1), 297-300. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0380297
• Christie, V., Maltman, D., Henderson, A., Whiting, A., Marder, T., Lako, M., & Przyborski, S. (2010). Retinoid supplementation of differentiating human neural progenitors and embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced neurogenesis in vitro. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 193(2), 239-245
• Fox, B., Devonshire, A., Schutte, M., Foy, C., Minguez, J., Przyborski, S., Maltman, D., Bokhari, M., & Marshall, D. (2010). Validation of reference gene stability for APAP hepatotoxicity studies in different in vitro systems and identification of novel potential toxicity biomarkers. Toxicology in Vitro, 24(7), 1962-1970
• Armstrong, L., Tilgner, K., Saretzki, G., Atkinson, S., Stojkovic, M., Moreno, R., Przyborski, S., & Lako, M. (2010). Human induced pluripotent stem cell line shows similar stress defense mechanisms and mitochondrial regulation to human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 28, 661-673
• Cooke, M., Zahir, T., Phillips, S., Shah, D., Athey, D., Lakey, J., Shoichet, M., & Przyborski, S. (2010). Neural differentiation regulated by biomimetic surfaces presenting motifs of extracellular matrix proteins. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 93A(3), 824-832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32585
• Ahmad, S., Kolli, S., Li, D., Paiva, C., Przyborski, S., Dimmick, I., Armstrong, L., Figueiredo, F., & Lako, M. (2009). A putative role for RHAMM/HMMR as a negative marker of stem cell-containing population of human limbal epithelial cells. Stem Cells, 26, 1609-1619
• Croft, A., & Przyborski, S. (2009). Mesenchymal stem cells expressing neural antigens instruct a neurogenic cell fate on neural stem cells. Experimental Neurology, 216(2), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.010
• De Sousa, P., Gardner, J., Sneddon, S., Pells, S., Tye, B., Dand, P., Collins, D., Stewart, K., Przyborski, S., Cooke, M., McLauglin, K., Kimber, S., Lieberman, B., Wilmut, I., & Brison, D. (2009). Clinically failed eggs as a source of normal human embryo stem cells. Stem Cell Research, 2, 188-197
• Barnard, J., Collings, J., Whiting, A., Przyborski, S., & Marder, T. (2009). Synthetic retinoids: structure-activity relationships
• Zhang, X., Neganova, I., Przyborski, S., Yang, C., Cooke, M., Atkinson, S., Anyfantis, G., Fenyk, S., Nicol Keith, W., Hoare, S., Hughes, O., Strachan, T., Stojkovic, M., Armstrong, L., & Lako, M. (2009). NANOG regulates S pahse entry and progression in human embryonic stem cells through activation of CDK6 and CD25A. Journal of Cell Biology, 184, 67-82
• Cooke, M., Phillips, S., Shah, D., Athey, D., Lakey, J., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Enhanced cell attachment using a novel cell culture surface presenting functional domains from extracellular matrix proteins. Cytotechnology, 56(2), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-007-9119-7
• Mellough, C., Wood, A., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Neuritogenesis in adult hippocampal neurons grown in growth-permissive versus inhibitory environments in vitro. Journal of Anatomy, 212(1), 87-87
• Carnachan, R., Bokhari, M., Maatta, A., Cameron, N., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Emulsion-templated porous scaffolds enabling three dimensional cell culture
• Willis, N., Rahman-Casans, S., Cox, T., Smits, K., Przyborski, S., van den Brandt, P., van Engeland, M., Weijenberg, M., Wilson, R., de Bruine, A., & Hutchison, C. (2008). Lamin A/C: a putative adult colonic stem cell and colorectal cancer marker. Journal of Anatomy, 212(1), 77-78
• Carnachan, R., Bokhari, M., Cameron, N., Maatta, A., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Three Dimensional Cell Culture
• Cooke, M., Phillips, S., Shah, D., Athey, D., Lakey, J., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Presentation of extracellular matrix motifs by biomimetic substrates to control cellular attachment and differentiation. Journal of Anatomy, 212(1), 89-89
• Christie, V., Marder, T., Whiting, A., & Przyborski, S. (2008). The role of retinoids in the adult nervous system and their therapeutic potential. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 8(6), 601-608
• Christie, V., Barnard, J., Batsanov, A., Bridgens, C., Cartmell, E., Collings, J., Maltman, D., Redfern, C., Marder, T., Przyborski, S., & Whiting, A. (2008). Synthesis and evaluation of synthetic retinoid derivatives as inducers of stem cell differentiation. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 6(19), 3497-3507. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808574a
• Hardy, S., Maltman, D., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Mesenchymal stem cells as mediators of neural differentiation. Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 3, 43-52
• Willis, N., Przyborski, S., Hutchison, C., & Wilson, R. (2008). Colonic cancer stem cells: progress in searching for putative biomarkers. Journal of Anatomy, 213, 59-65
• Yang, C., Przyborski, S., Cooke, M., Zhang, X., Stewart, R., Atkinson, S., Saretzki, G., Armstrong, L., & Lako, M. (2008). A key role for telomerase reverse transcriptase unit (TERT) in modulating human ESC proliferation, cell cycle dynamics and in vitro differentiation. Stem Cells, 26(4), 850-863
• Christie, V., Collings, J., Whiting, A., Marder, T., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Synthetic retinoid analogues induce model cell culture systems to differentiate down a neural lineage. Journal of Anatomy, 212(1), 86-86
• Bokhari, M., Carnachan, R., Cameron, N., Maatta, A., & Przyborski, S. (2008). Three dimensional cell culture: developing technology to enhance cell behaviour in vitro
• Stewart, R., Yang, C., Anyfantis, G., Przyborski, S., Hole, N., Strachan, T., Stojkovic, M., Keith, W., Armstrong, L., & Lako, M. (2008). Silencing of the expression of pluripotent driven-reporter genes stably transfected into human pluripotent cells. Regenerative Medicine, 3(4), 505-522. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460751.3.4.505
• Bokhari, M., Carnachan, R., Przyborski, S., & Cameron, N. (2007). Effect of synthesis parameters on emulsion-templated porous polymer formation and evaluation for 3D cell culture scaffolds. Journal of materials chemistry, 17, 4088-4094. https://doi.org/10.1039/b707499a
• Casans, S., Willis, N., Cox, T., Smits, K., Przyborski, S., van den Brandt, P., van Engeland, M., Weijenberg, M., de Bruine, A., Hutchison, C., & Wilson, R. (2007). Expression of colonic stem cell markers in colorectal cancer correlates with a poor prognosis. Gut, 56,
• Bokhari, M., Carnachan, R., Cameron, N., & Przyborski, S. (2007). Novel cell culture device enabling three-dimensional cell growth and improved cell function. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 354, 1095-1100
• Maltman, D., & Przyborski, S. (2007). Application of proteomic technology to neural stem cell science and neurology. Future Neurology, 2, 285-296
• Maltman, D., & Przyborski, S. (2007). Can large-scale analysis of the proteome identify effective new markers for embryonic stem cells?. Regenerative Medicine, 2, 465-469
• Gertow, K., Przyborski, S., Loring, J., Auerbach, J., Epifano, O., Otonkoski, T., Damjanov, I., & Ahrlund-Richter, L. (2007). Isolation of human embryonic stem cell-derived teratomas for the assessment of pluripotency
• Bokhari, M., Carnachan, R., Cameron, N., & Przyborski, S. (2007). Culture of HepG2 liver cells on three dimensional polystyrene scaffolds enhances cell structure and function during toxicological challenge. Journal of Anatomy, 211, 567-576
• Zhang, X., Stojkovic, P., Przyborski, S., Cooke, M., Armstrong, L., Lako, M., & Stojkovic, M. (2006). Derivation of human embryonic stem cells from developing and arrested embryos. Stem Cells, 24(12), 2669–2676. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2006-0377
• Croft, A., & Przyborski, S. (2006). Formation of neurons by non-neural adult stem cells: potential mechanism implicates an artifact of growth in culture. Stem Cells, 24(8), 1841-1851. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2005-0609
• Carnachan, R., Bokhari, M., Przyborski, S., & Cameron, N. (2006). Tailoring the morphology of emulsion-templated porous polymers. Soft Matter, 2(7), 608-616. https://doi.org/10.1039/b603211g
• Howe, M., Mehmud, Z., Saha, S., Buratovich, M., Stutius, E., Schmidt, H., Reddicks, L., Ivanov, G., Przyborski, S., & Ozer, J. (2006). Transcription factor IIA is associated with undifferentiated cells and its gene expression is repressed in primary neurons at the chromatin level in vitro. Stem Cells and Development, 15(2), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.15.175
• Schofield, W., McGettrick, J., Bradley, T., Badyal, J., & Przyborski, S. (2006). Rewriteable DNA Microarrays. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(7), 2280–2285. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja056367r
• Hayman, M., Christie, V., Keating, T., & Przyborski, S. (2006). Following the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells by proteomic identification of biomarkers. Stem Cells and Development, 15(2), 221-231. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.15.221
• Ziabreva, I., Perry, E., Perry, R., Minger, S., Ekonomou, A., Przyborski, S., & Ballard, C. (2006). Altered neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 311-316
• Cooke, M., Stojkovic, M., & Przyborski, S. (2006). Growth of teratomas derived from human pluripotent stem cells is influenced by the graft site. Stem Cells and Development, 15(2), 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.15.254
• Hyslop, L., Stojkovic, M., Armstrong, L., Walter, T., Stojkovic, P., Przyborski, S., Herbert, M., Murdoch, A., Strachan, T., & Lako, M. (2005). Downregulation of NANOG induces differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to extraembryonic lineages. Stem Cells, 23, 1035-1043
• Stojkovic, P., Lako, M., Przyborski, S., Stewart, R., Armstrong, L., Evans, J., Murdoch, A., Strachan, T., & Stojkovic, M. (2005). Human-serum matrix supports undifferentiated growth of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 23, 895-902
• Stewart, R., Lako, M., Horrocks, G., & Przyborski, S. (2005). Neural development by transplanted human embryonal carcinoma stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Cell Transplantation, 14(6), 339-351
• Hayman, M., Smith, K., Cameron, N., & Przyborski, S. (2005). Growth of human stem cell-derived neurons on solid three-dimensional polymers. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods, 62(3), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbbm.2004.12.001
• Barbetta, A., Carnachan, R., Smith, K., Zhao, C., Cameron, N., Kataky, R., Hayman, M., Przyborski, S., & Swan, M. (2005). Porous polymers by emulsion templating. Macromolecular Symposia, 226(1), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200550819
• Stojkovic, P., Lako, M., Stewart, R., Przyborski, S., Armstrong, L., Evans, J., Murdoch, A., Strachan, T., & Stojkovic, M. (2005). An autogenic feeder cell system that efficiently supports growth of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 23, 306-314
• Przyborski, S. (2005). Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells following transplantation into immune deficient mice. Stem Cells, 23, 1242-1250
• Mellough, C., Wood, A., & Przyborski, S. (2005). Pharmaceutical manipulation of neuroprogenitor pathways in situ: possibilities for neural restoration in the injured adult brain. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 5, 67-81
• Stewart, R., Lako, M., Horrocks, G., & Przyborski, S. (2005). Investigating neural development by transplantation of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Cell Transplantation, 14, 339-351. https://doi.org/10.3727/000000005783982945
• Hayman, M., Smith, K., Cameron, N., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Enhanced neurite outgrowth by human neurons grown on solid three-dimensional scaffolds. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 314(2), 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.135
• Stewart, R., Coyne, L., Lako, M., Halliwell, R., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Human embryonal carcinoma stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein form functioning neurons in vitro: A research tool for co-culture studies. Stem Cells and Development, 13(6), 646-657
• Croft, A., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow stroma: basic biology and potential for cell therapy. Current anaesthesia and critical care, 15, 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacc.2004.08.011
• Croft, A., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Generation of neuroprogenitor-like cells from adult mammalian bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. Stem Cells and Development, 13(4), 409-420
• Hayman, M., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Proteomic identification of biomarkers expressed by human pluripotent stem cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 316(3), 918-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.141
• Przyborski, S., Christie, V., Hayman, M., Stewart, R., & Horrocks, G. (2004). Human embryonal carcinoma cells: models of human embryonic development in man. Stem Cells and Development, 13, 400-408
• Stewart, R., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Changes in oxygen concentration modulate neural differentiation in human embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Journal of Anatomy, 205(6), 535-535
• Horrocks, G., & Przyborski, S. (2004). Determination of neural and epithelial cell fate in the human embryonic ectoderm : the role of bone morphogenetic proteins. Journal of Anatomy, 205(6), 525-525
• Przyborski, S., Christie, V., Hayman, M., Stewart, R., & Horrocks, G. (2004). Human embryonal carcinoma stem cells: Models of embryonic development in humans. Stem Cells and Development, 13(4), 400-408
• Stojkovic, M., Lako, M., Stojkovic, P., Stewart, R., Przyborski, S., Armstrong, L., Evans, J., Herbert, M., Hyslop, L., Ahmad, S., Murdoch, A., & Strachan, T. (2004). Derivation of human embryonic stem cells from day 8 blastocysts recovered after three-step in vitro culture. Stem Cells, 22, 790-797
• Przyborski, S., Smith, S., & Wood, A. (2003). Transcriptional profiling of neuronal differentiation by human embryonal carcinoma stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells, 21(4), 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.21-4-459
• Stewart, R., Christie, V., & Przyborski, S. (2003). Manipulation of human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma stem cells and the development of neural subtypes. Stem Cells, 21(3), 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.21-3-248
• Horrocks, G., Lauder, L., Stewart, R., & Przyborski, S. (2003). Formation of neurospheres from human embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 304, 411-416
• Edgar, J., Bronson, R., Harris, B., Johnson, K., Przyborski, S., & Ackerman, S. (2002). Unc5h3 and Dcc are necessary at multiple choice points for the guidance of corticospinal tract axons. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 10346-10356
• Stewart, R., & Przyborski, S. (2002). Non-neural Adult Stem Cells: Tools for Brain Repair?. BioEssays, 24, 708-713. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.10124
• Przyborski, S. (2001). Isolation of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells by immuno-magnetic sorting. Stem Cells, 19(6), 500-504. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.19-6-500
• Przyborski, S. (2001). Isolation of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells by immunomagnetic sorting. Stem Cells, 19(6), 500-504
• Przyborski, S., Morton, I., Wood, A., & Andrews, P. (2000). Developmental regulation of neurogenesis in the pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA2. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 3521-3528. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00230.x
• Goldowitz, D., Hamre, K., Przyborski, S., & Ackerman, S. (2000). Granule cells and cerebellar boundaries: Analysis of Unc5h3 mutant chimeras. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 4129-4137